Keratosis pilaris causes: what to know

Keratin is a normal protein in the outer skin. In keratosis pilaris, extra keratin collects around follicles and creates small, rough plugs. The tendency can run in families and may be more visible when skin is dry. Heat, friction, shaving, or harsh products may irritate existing bumps, but they are not the underlying cause. This is different from [Ingrown Hairs](/symptoms/ingrown-hairs/), where a hair curls back into the skin. The condition can affect the arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks; see [Keratosis Pilaris](/conditions/keratosis-pilaris/) for the wider picture.

Keep bathing lukewarm and brief, use a gentle cleanser, and apply moisturiser soon afterwards. Products designed for [Emollient Therapy](/treatments/medical-dermatology/emollient-therapy/) can reduce dryness and soften plugs. A clinician may recommend an exfoliating preparation or [Topical Retinoids](/treatments/medical-dermatology/topical-retinoids/); these can irritate and need tailored instructions. Avoid abrasive scrubbing and test new products cautiously. A [Chemical Peel](/treatments/aesthetic-procedures/chemical-peel/) may be discussed for selected cases, but diagnosis and skin tone should guide the choice.

Seek assessment when bumps are suddenly appearing, very itchy, painful, pus-filled, or concentrated in an unusual pattern. A clinician should also review a rash that follows a new medicine or product, or skin that is hot and rapidly becoming red. These features can suggest irritation, infection, or another condition rather than uncomplicated keratosis pilaris.

Do the bumps have the typical follicle pattern? Which triggers should I avoid? Is my current moisturiser enough, and would a retinoid be appropriate for me?