What should you know about hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones?

The parathyroid glands help regulate calcium. When one or more glands release too much parathyroid hormone, the body may move more calcium into the blood and urine. Crystals can then form stones in the urinary tract. Kidney stones may cause severe flank or abdominal pain, nausea, blood in urine or painful urination, although some stones cause no symptoms while they are small. A high calcium result does not by itself prove the cause; clinicians interpret calcium, parathyroid hormone, kidney function and urine findings together.

Arrange a GP consultation if stones recur, appear at a young age, or occur alongside symptoms of high calcium such as thirst, constipation, nausea or tiredness. Bring a list of medicines and supplements. Testing may include blood calcium, parathyroid hormone and kidney function, plus urine assessment and imaging. An abdominal ultrasound can help locate urinary stones or blockage. Treatment depends on stone size, obstruction, kidney function and the parathyroid cause; do not stop prescribed medicines without advice.

Get urgent medical help for severe or persistent pain, fever or chills with urinary symptoms, repeated vomiting, inability to pass urine, or worsening weakness. A blocked urinary tract with infection can damage the kidneys and needs rapid treatment. Sudden confusion or marked drowsiness also warrants emergency assessment.

Ask whether calcium and parathyroid hormone should be checked, whether the stone is blocking urine flow, what imaging is appropriate, and how much fluid is suitable for you. Discuss preventing another stone and whether an endocrinology or urology review is needed.