How is testicular cancer different in men?

A painless lump, enlargement, heaviness or firmness in one testicle can be a presenting feature. Some men notice an ache in the scrotum, groin or lower abdomen, but pain is not required. Many other conditions can cause a scrotal lump or swelling, including infection, fluid or injury. A clinician uses an examination and ultrasound to distinguish these possibilities; self-checking cannot diagnose cancer.

Arrange a medical appointment for a new or persistent testicular change. The clinician may examine the scrotum, request an ultrasound and order blood tests that support assessment. If cancer is suspected, a specialist explains the next step and discusses fertility before treatment when relevant. Do not delay assessment because a lump is painless or because it seems small.

Sudden severe testicular pain, rapid swelling, nausea or vomiting needs emergency assessment because twisting of the testicle can threaten its blood supply. Seek prompt review for a new lump, persistent heaviness, enlargement or change in firmness, even when discomfort is mild or absent.

Ask what tests are needed, whether the ultrasound examines both testicles, what the blood tests mean, and how treatment could affect fertility or hormone levels. Ask when results will be available and which symptoms should send you to emergency care.