How is breast cancer different in women?

Breast cancer is not one single disease. A tumour may be influenced by oestrogen or progesterone, or may have other characteristics that guide treatment. Menstrual history, pregnancy, breastfeeding, menopause and hormone medicines can be relevant when your team interprets symptoms and test results.

Women may notice a new lump, skin or nipple change, or an unusual discharge, but these findings can also have non-cancer causes. Imaging and a biopsy help identify what is happening. Tests on the tissue can show the cancer type and whether hormone-targeted or other medicines could help.

Arrange a clinical assessment for a new breast or armpit lump, a persistent change in shape, dimpling, nipple inversion, or bloody discharge. The assessment may include an examination, mammogram or ultrasound, and sometimes a biopsy.

If cancer is confirmed, ask which features were found, whether it has spread, and how each treatment fits your health and preferences. Surgery, radiotherapy, medicines, or a combination may be discussed. Tell the team about pregnancy, breastfeeding, menstrual changes and all medicines.

Contact a clinician promptly for a new breast or armpit lump or a persistent nipple or skin change. Seek urgent help for severe breathlessness, chest pain, sudden weakness, or heavy bleeding. These symptoms need assessment regardless of whether a breast change is present.

Ask: What did the imaging and biopsy show? Are hormone receptors or other tumour features relevant? What are the aims and side effects of each option? How could treatment affect fertility, breastfeeding, periods or menopause? Who should I contact if a symptom changes?