What should you know about etiology of toxic shock syndrome?

Certain strains of Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria can produce toxins. These toxins may activate the immune system throughout the body rather than staying limited to the original infection. The result can include fever, low blood pressure, rash, vomiting or diarrhoea, muscle aches, and problems affecting several organs.

Toxic shock syndrome is not caused by menstrual products alone. It has also been linked with infected wounds, burns, surgery, nasal packing, and postpartum or pelvic infections. A tampon or other inserted product can provide conditions that allow bacteria to multiply, especially when used longer than directed.

This illness needs emergency medical assessment. Remove an inserted menstrual product if one is present, but do not delay emergency care while trying to manage symptoms at home. Clinicians may look for the infection source, provide fluids and other organ support, and give antibiotics. Do not reuse the suspected product.

Get emergency help for sudden fever with vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, fainting, confusion, a widespread rash, severe muscle pain, or rapidly worsening illness, particularly during menstruation or after surgery. Call emergency services if you are faint, confused, breathless, or unable to travel safely. Symptoms can worsen quickly.

Ask what infection source is suspected, which tests are needed, how long treatment may continue, and how to reduce the chance of another episode after recovery.