What should you know about diagnosing kidney stones?

Pain from a stone may be severe and wave-like, often starting in the flank and moving towards the lower abdomen or groin. Nausea, blood in the urine, painful urination or difficulty passing urine can also occur. Similar symptoms may come from infection or another abdominal problem, so symptoms alone do not prove a stone.

A clinician may test urine for blood and signs of infection and take blood to assess kidney function. Ultrasound can show a blockage or swelling and is useful in many situations. Other imaging may be selected when the diagnosis remains uncertain or a detailed view of the urinary tract is needed.

Arrange a GP consultation for persistent or recurring flank, abdominal or urinary pain. Note when the pain began, where it travels, whether it comes in waves, and any fever, vomiting or change in urine. Tell the clinician about previous stones, reduced fluid intake, pregnancy, kidney disease and medicines.

Drink normally unless a clinician has told you to restrict fluids. Do not force large amounts of water during severe pain or vomiting. If a stone is passed, ask whether it should be collected for examination.

Seek urgent medical care for flank pain with fever or chills, repeated vomiting, inability to pass urine, severe worsening pain, or feeling very unwell. These features can signal infection or obstruction that needs rapid treatment. Seek emergency help for confusion, collapse or difficulty breathing.

Ask whether your symptoms suggest a stone or another cause, which urine and blood tests are needed, whether imaging is appropriate, how kidney function will be checked, and what symptoms should bring you back urgently.