Depression symptoms: what the DSM-5 describes

The DSM-5 approach considers low mood or loss of interest alongside changes such as sleep disturbance, low energy, appetite change, slowed or restless movement, difficulty concentrating, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, and thoughts about death. A clinician considers how symptoms fit together, how long they have been present, and whether they interfere with relationships, work, study, or self-care. Feeling anxious, irritable, fatigued, or sleepy during the day can occur with depression, but these experiences can also have other explanations. Insomnia and difficulty sleeping may add to daytime strain.

Write down changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, mood, and interest, including when they began and how they affect ordinary tasks. Arrange an appointment with a GP or mental-health professional for a fuller assessment. Bring a list of medicines, supplements, alcohol or drug use, medical conditions, and recent pressures. Do not stop a prescribed medicine suddenly. A clinician can discuss talking therapies, lifestyle support, or medication when appropriate.

Seek urgent help now if you may harm yourself, cannot care for basic needs, or feel unable to stay safe. Contact emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department, and ask a trusted person to stay with you. Arrange prompt medical support for rapidly worsening symptoms, severe sleeplessness, confusion, or unusual agitation. For ongoing low mood, loss of interest, or concentration problems, book an assessment rather than waiting for the symptoms to pass.

Could another medical condition or medicine explain these changes? How will you assess mood, sleep, concentration, and safety? Which treatment options fit my circumstances, and how will we review progress? What should I do if thoughts of self-harm appear?