Common signs of depression

Common signs of depression include persistent low mood or loss of interest, alongside changes in sleep, energy, appetite, concentration or self-worth. Depression may also present with irritability, withdrawal, slowed thinking or feelings of hopelessness. A person does not need every sign for depression to affect daily life.

Depression commonly affects how a person feels, thinks and functions. Most people with depression notice reduced pleasure or motivation, while some mainly notice irritability, tiredness or physical discomfort. Difficulty sleeping may involve waking early, restless sleep or sleeping more than usual; daytime sleepiness and fatigue can then make work, study and relationships harder. Difficulty concentrating can show up as losing track of conversations or struggling with ordinary decisions. These patterns can also occur with other health problems, so a clinician considers the full picture rather than one symptom alone.

Write down changes in mood, sleep, energy, appetite and functioning, including when they began and what makes them better or worse. Arrange a GP consultation if the pattern is persistent, worsening or interfering with responsibilities. Treatment may include talking therapy, practical support, lifestyle changes or prescribed medicine, depending on the assessment. Keep regular meals, gentle movement and contact with a trusted person where possible; small, planned tasks can be easier than waiting for motivation.

Seek prompt medical help if low mood is accompanied by thoughts of self-harm, suicide, harming someone else, or an inability to stay safe. Contact emergency services or go to an emergency department if immediate danger is present. Arrange medical review for severe withdrawal, inability to eat or drink, rapidly worsening symptoms, or unusual experiences such as hearing or seeing things others do not. A trusted person can stay with someone who is at immediate risk while help is arranged.

Which symptoms should I track before my appointment? Could sleep problems, medicines or another health condition be contributing? What treatment options fit my symptoms and preferences? What should I do if my mood worsens or I feel unsafe?