Common causes of a Bartholin cyst

The exact reason for the blockage is often unclear. Irritation, inflammation, injury or infection can contribute. A cyst itself is not necessarily infected, but bacteria can enter the trapped fluid and create a painful abscess.

The Bartholin glands sit near the vaginal opening and release lubricating fluid through small ducts. A blockage usually produces a lump on one side near the lower part of the vaginal entrance. A small cyst may cause no discomfort, while a larger one can make walking, sitting or sex uncomfortable.

Increasing tenderness, redness, warmth, swelling, pus or fever suggest that an abscess may have formed. Several types of bacteria can be involved, and the appearance alone cannot identify the organism.

Do not squeeze, pierce or attempt to drain the lump yourself, because this can worsen pain and introduce infection. Warm baths may ease discomfort and sometimes encourage a small cyst to drain naturally. Keep the area clean and use simple pain relief only if it is suitable for you.

A clinician can confirm whether the swelling fits a Bartholin cyst and decide whether drainage, antibiotics or another procedure is appropriate. Antibiotics are not automatically needed for every uncomplicated cyst.

Seek prompt assessment if the lump becomes rapidly larger or very painful, produces pus, or is accompanied by fever or feeling unwell. These features can reflect an abscess that may need drainage.

Any new vulval lump deserves examination if it persists, recurs or has an unusual appearance. A new lump after menopause needs timely clinical review because other conditions can occur in the same area and may require different testing.

Ask whether the lump is a cyst or abscess, whether a sample or test is needed, and what options may reduce recurrence. If drainage is recommended, discuss wound care, pain control and whether a small catheter or marsupialisation is suitable.