Clinical depression and anxiety: what should you know?

Depression commonly presents with persistent low mood or reduced interest, while anxiety commonly presents with fear, worry, tension, or a sense of threat. A person may also notice fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, or changes in sleep. Depression can present with anxiety, but having an anxious feeling does not by itself establish depression. Symptoms may interfere with work, relationships, self-care, or decision-making.

Arrange an appointment with a general practitioner or mental health professional if symptoms persist, recur, or disrupt ordinary life. Note when symptoms began, what worsens them, sleep changes, medicines, alcohol or substance use, and any thoughts of self-harm. Treatment may include talking therapy, medication, or both, selected after discussing your symptoms and preferences. Regular meals, a consistent sleep routine, gentle activity, and support from someone trusted can help while you arrange care.

Seek urgent help now if you may harm yourself or someone else, cannot stay safe, feel detached from reality, or cannot manage essential needs. Contact local emergency services or go to the nearest emergency department. For non-urgent symptoms, seek a clinical assessment when low mood, worry, sleep disruption, or loss of function continues or is becoming harder to manage.

Ask what may explain the combination of symptoms, whether sleep or physical health needs checking, which therapy options fit your goals, how medicines are monitored, and what to do if your mood worsens.