Causes of hepatitis C

Possible routes include shared needles or syringes, inadequately sterilised medical or dental equipment, unsterile tattooing or piercing, and sharing personal items that may carry blood, such as razors. Sexual transmission is less common but can occur when blood exposure is possible. Transmission around childbirth can occur. Hepatitis C is not spread by hugging, coughing, sharing food, or ordinary social contact. Many people have no early symptoms; [Fatigue](/symptoms/fatigue/) is possible but does not identify the cause. A test is needed to determine whether infection is present.

Arrange a [GP Consultation](/treatments/consultations-and-assessment/gp-consultation/) after a blood exposure, shared injection equipment, or a procedure involving uncertain sterilisation. Testing usually involves an antibody test followed by a test for the virus when indicated. A [Liver Function Test](/treatments/diagnostics-and-screening/liver-function-test/) can show how the liver is responding but cannot by itself diagnose hepatitis C. Do not share razors, toothbrushes, needles, or other items that may carry blood, and cover cuts until you have advice.

Seek medical advice promptly after a recent possible exposure so the right testing schedule can be discussed. Arrange review for persistent fatigue, yellow skin or eyes, dark urine, abdominal swelling, or easy bruising. Seek urgent help for confusion, vomiting blood, severe abdominal pain, or rapidly worsening illness. Confirmed infection needs clinical follow-up because treatment can reduce the risk of ongoing liver damage.

Which tests are appropriate for the timing of my exposure? Do I need liver checks or specialist care? How can I prevent blood contact with others while I wait for results?