Causes of depression

There is rarely one single cause. A family history can influence vulnerability, while grief, trauma, loneliness, relationship strain, work pressure, or major change can affect mood and coping. Sleep disruption, long-term pain, hormonal changes, alcohol or drug use, and some medicines or medical conditions may also contribute.

Depression is more than a brief low mood. It can affect interest, energy, concentration, sleep, appetite, confidence, and the ability to manage ordinary tasks. Feeling anxious, irritable, fatigued, or sleepy during the day may occur alongside depression, but these symptoms can also have other explanations.

Arrange an assessment if low mood or loss of interest is affecting daily life, relationships, or work. Keep a simple record of mood, sleep, medicines, alcohol or drug use, and recent stressors. Regular meals, gentle activity, a steady sleep routine, and contact with a trusted person can support recovery, but they do not replace professional care when symptoms persist. Treatment may include talking therapy, medicine, or both.

Seek urgent help if you are thinking about suicide, harming yourself, or cannot keep yourself safe. Contact emergency services or go to an emergency department if there is immediate danger. Prompt medical review is also appropriate when depression is accompanied by severe inability to function, prolonged sleeplessness, or symptoms suggesting another medical problem.

Ask what might be contributing to your symptoms, whether sleep or physical health needs checking, which treatments fit your preferences, and how to get help quickly if your safety worsens.