What causes an intraductal papilloma?

It forms when duct-lining cells and supporting tissue grow into a small, finger-like projection. This is different from an infection or a blockage made only of fluid. The growth may occur in a larger duct near the nipple or in smaller ducts farther into the breast.

An intraductal papilloma can present with clear or blood-stained discharge from one nipple, a small lump near the nipple, or an imaging finding without symptoms. A papilloma in a small peripheral duct may be noticed as a deeper breast lump.

These findings can have several causes, and examination alone cannot reliably distinguish them. Although the word papilloma describes a benign growth, clinicians assess the surrounding tissue because imaging and tissue features determine whether any additional change is present.

Arrange a breast assessment for spontaneous discharge from one nipple, blood-stained discharge, a new lump or a persistent change. The clinician will ask whether discharge occurs without squeezing, examine both breasts and select imaging suited to the finding.

A breast biopsy may be recommended to identify the cells in the lesion. Depending on the imaging, biopsy result, symptoms and location, the team may advise surveillance or breast lump excision. Removing the lesion can both treat troublesome discharge and allow fuller tissue examination.

Contact a clinician promptly if nipple discharge is bloody or starts without squeezing, or if you find a new breast or armpit lump. Skin dimpling, a nipple pulling inward, an ulcer, persistent redness or a change in breast shape also warrants timely assessment.

Seek urgent help if the breast becomes rapidly red, hot and painful with fever or you feel seriously unwell, as this pattern can indicate acute infection requiring treatment.

Ask whether the imaging and biopsy findings agree, whether the papilloma has any atypical cellular changes, and if the entire abnormal area was sampled. Clarify why monitoring or excision is advised, what new symptoms should bring you back, and how follow-up will be arranged.