What should you know about canine testicular cancer?

A firm enlargement, an uneven testicle, or a newly noticed scrotal mass can prompt examination, but appearance alone cannot identify the tumour type. A veterinarian may examine both testicles and nearby lymph nodes, check the abdomen, and recommend imaging, blood tests, surgery, and laboratory analysis of removed tissue.

Several tumour types can begin in canine testicular tissue, and their behaviour is not identical. The pathology report identifies the cell type and helps the veterinary team judge whether further assessment is needed. A retained testicle located in the groin or abdomen also requires attention because a mass there may be hidden from view.

Planning depends on the dog's overall health, whether one or both testicles are involved, evidence of spread, and whether the tumour is producing hormones. Hormone-related effects may include symmetrical hair loss, skin changes, enlarged mammary tissue, or changes in the blood-cell count.

Arrange a veterinary appointment for any persistent testicular change. Note when it appeared, whether it is growing, and whether your dog is licking the area, walking differently, eating less, or losing energy. Do not squeeze or repeatedly handle a painful mass.

Removal of the affected testicle, often together with the other testicle, is a common treatment approach and supplies tissue for a firm diagnosis. Additional therapy may be discussed when disease is found beyond the testicle or when surgery is unsuitable. Human oncology information about testicle removal, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or fertility preservation should not be used to treat a dog; veterinary advice is required.

Contact a veterinarian promptly if the scrotum becomes suddenly swollen, hot, very painful, or discoloured, or if your dog has difficulty urinating or passing stool. Urgent assessment is also appropriate for collapse, marked weakness, repeated vomiting, a swollen abdomen, pale gums, breathing difficulty, or bleeding that does not stop. These signs can reflect complications or another serious condition and should not wait for a routine visit.

Ask which examinations can show whether the mass is confined to the testicle, whether both testicles should be removed, and how anaesthesia will be planned around your dog's health. You can also ask when the pathology result is expected, what follow-up checks are needed, and which changes at home should trigger an earlier review.