Can cervical cancer be prevented?

Most cervical cancers are linked to persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus, commonly called HPV. Vaccination helps the immune system recognise targeted HPV types before exposure. It does not treat an HPV infection that is already present and does not replace screening.

Cervical screening looks for HPV or cell changes on the cervix that could become cancer over time. Finding these changes allows clinicians to arrange monitoring or treatment before invasive cancer develops. Screening schedules and test choices vary with age, previous results, vaccination history, and local guidance.

Ask a qualified healthcare professional whether HPV vaccination is appropriate for you or your child, and follow the recommended dose schedule. Attend cervical screening when invited, even if you have received the vaccine, because vaccination does not cover every cancer-linked HPV type. Use barrier protection to reduce, though not eliminate, HPV transmission, and avoid smoking because tobacco can make it harder for the body to clear some HPV infections.

If a screening test is abnormal, arrange the recommended follow-up rather than assuming it means cancer. Follow-up may involve repeat testing, examination of the cervix, or a small tissue sample. An abnormal result often reflects an HPV infection or cell change that needs clarification.

Arrange a medical appointment for bleeding after sex, bleeding between periods or after menopause, unusual vaginal discharge, or pelvic pain. These symptoms have many possible causes, but they should be assessed even when screening is up to date. Seek urgent help for heavy bleeding, faintness, or severe pelvic pain.

Ask which HPV vaccine schedule applies to you, when your next screening test is due, and what a previous result means. If follow-up was advised, ask what the procedure involves, when results will be available, and which symptoms should prompt earlier contact.