What causes a Bartholin cyst?

The exact reason for the blockage is often unclear. Local irritation, inflammation, injury or infection can narrow or obstruct the duct, but having a cyst does not by itself identify a particular infection.

The Bartholin glands lie near the vaginal opening and supply lubricating fluid through narrow channels. When a channel cannot empty, the retained fluid stretches nearby tissue and produces a lump, commonly on one side.

Bacteria from the surrounding skin, bowel or genital tract can enter the trapped fluid. If infection follows, pus collects and an abscess may form, bringing stronger pain, warmth, redness and sometimes fever. Sexually transmitted bacteria can be involved in some infections, but they are not the only possible cause.

Do not squeeze or insert a needle into the lump. For mild discomfort, warm baths, gentle washing and loose underwear may reduce irritation while you monitor it. Note whether it is enlarging, draining, recurring or becoming more painful.

A clinician can examine the site and decide whether infection testing or drainage is needed. Antibiotics are used when the clinical findings support a bacterial infection; they do not reopen every blocked duct. Repeated cysts may be treated by creating an opening that allows continued drainage.

Get prompt medical help if pain intensifies quickly, the swelling grows rapidly, redness spreads, fever develops, or sitting, walking or urinating becomes difficult. These are reasons to check for an abscess without delay.

Book a timely review for a persistent or recurrent lump, and for any new Bartholin-area mass after menopause. A firm, fixed or irregular swelling, bleeding, ulceration or unusual skin change needs direct examination because other vulval conditions can look similar.

Ask what supports the diagnosis, whether the cyst appears infected, whether a swab or sexual health test fits your circumstances, and what to expect if it drains. If episodes repeat, ask which drainage procedure suits the pattern and how recovery may affect work, exercise and sex.