Bad cough and runny nose: what to know

A common cold can cause watery nasal discharge, congestion and a cough as mucus drains towards the throat. COVID-19 and influenza can also begin with cough and nose symptoms, particularly when tiredness, fever, aches or a change in usual health occurs.

Allergic rhinitis may produce repeated sneezing, an itchy nose and clear discharge without feeling generally unwell. House dust mite or pet allergy can keep symptoms going indoors. Facial pressure, thick nasal mucus or symptoms that worsen after initial improvement may point towards sinusitis. The symptoms alone cannot identify the cause.

Rest, drink fluids, and avoid smoke, strong fragrances and other triggers. Saline nasal drops or a gentle saline rinse can loosen mucus; use safe water and clean equipment for a rinse. Honey in a warm drink may soothe a cough for adults and children over one year, but never give honey to an infant.

Follow label directions for any pharmacy medicine and check with a pharmacist if you are pregnant, treating a child, or taking regular medicines. Do not combine products that contain the same ingredient. Cover coughs, wash hands and improve ventilation while an infectious cause is possible.

Seek urgent help for severe breathlessness, blue or grey lips, confusion, fainting, chest pain, or inability to keep fluids down. Arrange prompt medical advice if breathing becomes harder, fever is persistent or you are becoming markedly weaker.

Book an assessment when the cough is not settling, keeps disturbing sleep, returns repeatedly, or the runny nose is accompanied by significant facial pain or swelling. People with asthma, chronic lung disease, reduced immunity, or a very young child should seek advice earlier.

Ask what cause best fits the pattern, whether testing is appropriate, and which medicines are suitable for your age and health. Mention when symptoms began, the colour of mucus, fever, exposures, allergies, breathing changes and any conditions you already manage.