What causes a Bartholin cyst?

The exact reason for the blockage is often unclear. Irritation, swelling, injury, or infection around the duct may contribute, but a cyst is not by itself proof of a sexually transmitted infection or poor hygiene.

Bartholin glands sit on either side of the vaginal entrance and release fluid through narrow ducts. A blocked duct can create a soft swelling, commonly on one side. A small cyst may cause no discomfort, while a larger one can make walking, sitting, or sex uncomfortable.

If bacteria infect the trapped fluid, an abscess can develop. A Bartholin abscess often presents with rapidly increasing pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, pus, fever, or feeling unwell. Infection can involve bacteria normally found on the skin or in the genital area, so testing and antibiotic decisions are individualized.

Arrange an examination for a new lump near the vaginal opening rather than diagnosing it yourself. If a clinician confirms a small, uncomplicated cyst, warm-water soaks or a warm compress may ease discomfort and encourage natural drainage. Use pain relief only if it is suitable with your health conditions and other medicines.

Do not squeeze, pierce, or cut the lump because this can injure tissue and introduce infection. Persistent, painful, infected, or recurring cysts may need drainage with a catheter or a procedure called marsupialisation, which creates an opening for continued drainage.

Seek prompt medical assessment if the lump becomes more painful or enlarges quickly, contains pus, has red or hot surrounding skin, or is accompanied by fever or feeling unwell. Severe vulval pain that makes sitting or walking difficult also warrants timely care.

Any new vulval lump should be examined, especially if it is firm, fixed, bleeding, ulcerated, or does not settle. Those features can have causes other than a Bartholin cyst and may require further testing.

Ask whether the swelling is a cyst or abscess, whether a swab or other test is appropriate, and what change should trigger urgent review. If it has returned, discuss drainage options, expected recovery, wound care, and whether marsupialisation is suitable for your circumstances.