Anal cancer symptoms and when to get checked

Some people notice narrower stools, a feeling of incomplete emptying or swollen glands in the groin. Anal cancer may also cause few noticeable changes at first. These symptoms have several possible causes, and an examination is needed to determine what is happening.

Haemorrhoids, fissures, infections and skin conditions can also cause bleeding, soreness or itching. Because symptoms overlap, neither their presence nor their absence confirms anal cancer. A clinician considers how long the change has lasted, whether it is worsening and what is found on examination.

Assessment may include inspection of the skin, a gentle rectal examination and examination of the anal canal with a small instrument. If an area looks or feels unusual, a biopsy can identify the tissue change. Imaging may be arranged after a diagnosis to map the affected area and plan care.

Book an appointment if an anal change persists, recurs or concerns you. Keep a brief note of bleeding colour and amount, pain, bowel changes, discharge, lumps and any unexplained weight or appetite change. Mention medicines that affect bleeding and any previous HPV-related cell changes or immune-suppressing treatment.

Do not assume repeated bleeding is from haemorrhoids without an assessment. Avoid inserting treatments or repeatedly pressing a lump before the visit, as this may irritate the tissue. A clear description of the symptoms helps the clinician choose an appropriate examination.

Seek urgent medical care for heavy or ongoing bleeding, fainting, severe weakness, rapidly worsening pain, fever with anal swelling, or inability to pass stool or gas. Otherwise, persistent bleeding, a new lump or a lasting bowel change should be assessed promptly rather than watched indefinitely.

You might ask what was found on examination, whether the anal canal was fully assessed, whether a biopsy is appropriate and how results will be communicated. Also clarify what symptom changes should bring you back sooner and whether any medicine needs adjustment before a procedure.