Runny nose in an 11-month-old

Clear or cloudy mucus can accompany a common cold, while sneezing and itchy or watery eyes can occur with allergies. Mucus colour alone does not establish whether an infection needs antibiotics.

Cold viruses can cause nasal discharge, congestion, a mild cough and reduced appetite. Allergic rhinitis can present with repeated sneezing, clear discharge and eye irritation, especially after exposure to dust or animals. Teething may increase drooling but does not explain breathing difficulty, marked lethargy or a persistent fever.

Watch the whole child rather than judging the mucus alone. Comfortable breathing, regular wet nappies, interest in feeds and normal interaction are reassuring signs.

Offer breast milk, formula or usual fluids frequently. Saline nose drops can loosen secretions; gentle suction before feeds or sleep may help if blockage is interfering, but repeated vigorous suction can irritate the nose. Keep smoke, incense, perfume and other airway irritants away.

Keep the baby on a flat, firm sleep surface without pillows or sleep positioners. Do not give cough, cold or decongestant products unless a clinician who knows the child's age and health has specifically advised one.

Get urgent medical help if the baby is struggling to breathe, has ribs pulling in with breaths, grunts, develops blue or grey lips, is unusually difficult to wake, or cannot feed because of breathlessness.

Arrange a prompt clinical review for fewer wet nappies, repeated vomiting, worsening symptoms, persistent fever, ear pain or discharge, or a runny nose that is not improving. A clinician can assess hydration, ears, lungs and possible triggers.

Ask whether the breathing pattern, feeding change or fever needs examination; which saline product and suction method suit this age; and whether a repeated pattern around dust, pets or a particular room suggests an allergy assessment. Mention when symptoms began, changes in sleep, wet nappies and any medicines already given.